经济学有一门分支称为数理经济学，就是把数学引进了经济学。于是经济学就有了数学的特点，即“放诸四海而皆准”，而且万古不变。
为什么经济学可以应用数学？如果假定经济学的目的是财富生产的极大化，于是数学中的极大化方法就可以应用到经济学里来。但是问题的复杂性在于这个极大化是在一系列约束条件下去实现的。一个社会在人力，自然资源，技术能力等方面都有不可突破的限制。于是我们的问题就是在这一系列限制下如何使财富的生产达到极大。这时候数学发挥了重大的作用。这就是数理经济学。
将数学引进经济学先要设立几个假定。一是“经济人”的假定。实际上就是假定人是一台追求利益的计算机，它对在给定条件下计算出对自己最有利的决策。这个假定是否成立关系重大。有许多论文讨论这一问题。它涉及到道德，人是不是也有比自身利益更重要的考虑。尽管议论纷纷，但并没有能完全推倒这个假定，它大体上是能够成立的。
二是人在做选择的时候，有一个优先顺序，称为效用。买什么东西，选什么职业等等都不是抓阄决定的，而是有一个比较和理性的选择的。这个优先顺序各人都不相同，但是确实存在。此外，还有一些别的假定，如边际收益递减，吃第三个馒头的味道赶不上吃第一个馒头。在数学上认定为如投入产出是凹函数（或称上凸）。
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